Drug misuse is not limited to illegal substances. Apart from illegal drugs, there are prescription and over-the-counter (OTC) drugs that are frequently misused in Nigeria.

Even though these drugs can be beneficial when used correctly with the guidance of a healthcare practitioner, they can also be addictive and hazardous if misused.

It is very important that you keep your family safe, use this article as a guide to help you identify some commonly misused medicines. Please note that drugs come in various forms, and not all pills and tablets are depicted here. The images of drugs are not to scale.

Barbiturates

Barbiturates such as phenobarbital, pentobarbital (Nembutal), and secobarbital (Seconal) are sedatives. They are usually prescribed to help out with anxiety, sleep problems, and certain types of seizures.

But it's important to note that exceeding the prescribed dosage can lead to addiction. High doses can cause respiratory difficulties, especially if one combines it with alcohol. If you find it challenging to function without barbiturates, seek assistance, as withdrawal can be dangerous.

Benzodiazepines

Benzodiazepines, such as alprazolam (Xanax), clonazepam (Klonopin), and diazepam (Valium), are another type of sedative commonly used to treat anxiety, panic attacks, and sleep disorders. While they are effective and safer than barbiturates, overuse or even following the prescribed dosage can lead to physical dependence and addiction. Abruptly discontinuing these medications can be risky. If you believe you are dependent on these medications, consult your doctor. Prescription drugs should not be shared and are intended solely for the person named on the prescription.

Sleep Medications

If you experience sleep difficulties, medications like zolpidem (Ambien), eszopiclone (Lunesta), and zaleplon (Sonata) can help you attain the rest you need. However, prolonged use beyond your doctor's recommendation may result in dependency, where you require them to fall asleep. It is recommended to practice good sleep hygiene techniques to address sleep problems. Although these medications are not as addictive as some other sleep aids, there are concerns about abuse if they are not taken as prescribed.

Codeine and Morphine

Among the most commonly misused prescription drugs are painkillers, specifically opioids. While these medications alleviate pain, high doses can also produce a euphoric high and potentially dangerous side effects. Morphine is typically prescribed for severe pain, while codeine is used for milder pain or cough suppression. Morphine brands include Avinza, Kadian, and MS Contin.

OxyContin, Percocet

Oxycodone is another opioid painkiller found in drugs like OxyContin, Percocet, Percodan, and Roxicodone. Individuals who misuse oxycodone sometimes crush and snort it or inject it, significantly increasing the risk of overdose. Street names for these drugs include "oxy," "O.C.," and "oxycotton" for OxyContin, and "percs" for Percocet or Percodan.

Vicodin, Lortab, Lorcet

These medications contain the opioid hydrocodone in combination with acetaminophen. Opioids can cause drowsiness and constipation. High doses can lead to dangerous breathing problems. Street names for Vicodin include "vike" and "Watson-387." If you experience flu-like symptoms after discontinuing any of these opioid medications, it may indicate dependence. Consult your doctor if you believe you need these medications for reasons other than pain relief.

Amphetamines

When prescribed, stimulants like amphetamines (e.g., Adderall, Adderall XR, Dextroamphetamine, and Mydasis) can assist individuals with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, some people misuse amphetamines to experience euphoria, boost energy and alertness, or suppress appetite. Stimulants can lead to addiction.

High doses can cause a dangerous rise in body temperature, irregular heartbeat, and even cardiac arrest. Street names for amphetamines include "bennies," "black beauties," and "speed."

Methylphenidate

Methylphenidate is a stimulant found in ADHD medications such as Concerta, Daytrana, Metadate, Methylin, and Ritalin. Street names for methylphenidate include "MPH," "R-ball," "Skippy," "the smart drug," and "vitamin R." Combining stimulants with common decongestants can cause dangerously high blood pressure or irregular heartbeat.

Dextromethorphan (DXM) (Over the counter)

The issue of drug misuse extends beyond prescription drugs. Dextromethorphan is a common ingredient in OTC cold and cough medicines, primarily used to suppress coughing. However, consuming large doses can result in intoxication and hallucinations. It is popular among teenagers since cough syrup is readily available in medicine cabinets. High doses can also induce vomiting, rapid heart rate, and, rarely, brain damage.

Pseudoephedrine (Over the counter)

Pseudoephedrine is a decongestant found in many non-prescription cold medicines. While it effectively relieves nasal congestion, it is also a key ingredient in illegal methamphetamine ("meth"). To combat methamphetamine abuse, Nigerian laws now regulate the sale of pseudoephedrine products. This is why certain cold medicines are kept behind the counter, and why you may need to provide identification or sign for some of them.

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Antibiotics

Antibiotics are vital for treating bacterial infections, but their misuse can lead to serious consequences. It's crucial to use antibiotics only as prescribed and complete the full course of treatment.

Misusing antibiotics by taking them unnecessarily or in incorrect dosages contributes to antibiotic resistance, making infections harder to treat. Remember, antibiotics don't work against viral infections like the common cold or flu.

To prevent antibiotic resistance, follow healthcare providers' instructions, take the full course of treatment, and consult them if you have any concerns.

Identifying Suspicious Pills

If you discover an unidentified pill around your home or in your ward's possession, you may want to determine its nature.OneHealth healthcare team for proper identification.

Drug Misuse: What to Do

If you are concerned that someone you love may be misusing drugs, it is important to address the issue directly. Be vigilant for signs of drug misuse, such as changes in behaviour or missing medications.

Many individuals mistakenly assume that common household drugs or even prescription medications are safer than illicit substances because they are legal.

It is essential to explain the risks involved. Take preventive measures by regularly reviewing and cleaning out your medicine cabinet. Dispose of any unnecessary medications and keep track of the ones you require.

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